mercredi 6 août 2025

How the Jews were created

 

Within the framework of the recentist version of history, combined with my conclusion that the Jews are ultimately not the true masters of the world, we can rethink their history.

According to Anthelme Arvière's recentism, to which I subscribe for the most part, world history begins around the 14th century. Perhaps a little earlier. But, overall, we are in that period. All of antiquity and the Middle Ages are bogus. So, we are arriving around that time for the beginnings of humanity.

The history of the Jews therefore does not date from 3,000 years ago, but from only a few centuries ago. And since they are not the masters of the world, and are only one of the many projects of the true elite, it is clear that they were in fact created by the latter. The elite invented the Jews. This is because she needed this religion to colonize Palestine in the 20th century. Colonization which, as we have seen elsewhere, would ultimately serve the white race and not the Jews.

When were they invented? At a rough guess, I think it dates back to around the beginning of the 18th century.

This raises the question of how the Jews were created.

With what we have seen of the Aborigines in Australia, and by thinking about other possible techniques, we can imagine how this happened.

 

Creation of the Jews of Northern Europe

 

There are three possibilities, which could have been used simultaneously.

 

Orphans in sects or other isolated organizations

 

There was already the possibility of taking orphans (non-Jewish, of course), or abandoned children, or even infants bought from their parents, if the family was too large, too poor, etc. There were many children in this kind of situation at the time. So, it was easy to obtain thousands of them.

From there, the elite could create small sects, communities, where they would take in the children, make them believe they were Jewish, and train them in the Jewish religion. One or two generations later, they would release them into the wild, recommending that they have lots of children with other Jews.

In terms of "wildlife," they usually led them to a new prison, namely, the Jewish ghettos. Indeed, if they had been truly free to go where they wanted, they would have tended to scatter and unite with goys. All efforts to create a Jewish people would then have quickly been reduced to nothing. The elite had to prevent this. To prevent their dilution in the goy mass, and to control that they did indeed have many children, it drove them into ghettos.

These were therefore not the result of a desire on the part of European leaders to keep Jews separate from Christians out of hostility or fear of the Jews, but rather a desire on the part of the elite to prevent Jews from being diluted into the mass of goyim and the project from being nipped in the bud.

With 10,000 children in 1700, with eight children per couple, and with one generation every 25 years, the Jews in question could have numbered 640,000 by 1800, and around 10 million by 1850. It was then possible to reduce the Jewish birth rate so that they numbered only around 20 million by the 20th century.

 

As with the rest of humanity, it is obviously out of the question for the elite to reveal that the Jewish birth rate was very high between 1700 and 1900. Otherwise, given their small numbers, people would only have to do the math to realize that there couldn't have been any Jews before the 18th century.

And it's the same for humanity. People are led to believe that the birth rate wasn't that high, and that, moreover, people were dying en masse from microbial diseases. And that's when we realize that the latter are absolutely essential to the official narrative. Without them, and considering that families in the past had many children, again, a simple calculation would lead us to understand that there couldn't have been any humans before the 14th or 13th centuries.

 

Individual Conversions

 

There was, of course, the possibility of individually encouraging Christians or members of other religions, or those without religion, to convert.

Wealthy Jews could convince financially dependent people to do so, such as their maids or other employees. This was done by dangling in front of them the economic advantages of being part of an economically prosperous group. With young people forced to migrate to the city to earn a living, and therefore no longer seeing their families at all, this could certainly be an option. Or if a wealthy Jew fathered one or more children with one of his employees, he could convince her to convert so that she and her children could have a decent life.

This could also be done through mixed marriages. Of course, the elite preferred that Jews stay among themselves to maintain their newly created culture. But they had to allow a small percentage of Jews or Jewesses to marry goyim. The advantage was that this allowed for an increase in the population. If a Jew and a Jewess married goyim instead of intermarrying, and the goyim converted, the result was twice as many Jewish children.

In a different vein, we can think that the elite ensured that there were much lower standards for children of mixed couples born to a non-Jewish mother. If a Jew had children with a goy woman who did not subsequently convert, they were still considered Jewish, provided they had been educated in the Jewish religion.

In these individual conversions, there were probably those of members of secret societies, such as Freemasons. Was a person well-placed in Freemasonry? They were offered the opportunity to adopt the Jewish religion. Of course, these were already wealthy and well-placed people, generally living in cities. So, from the very beginning, there were wealthy people in the Jewish world. They weren't just poor, indoctrinated wretches.

And having local contacts must have helped a lot in establishing Jewish sects in the city or the countryside, or in building temples, or in validating local Jewish history as invented by the rabbis.

This must not have been the primary method of creating Jews, far from it. But it must have still improved the efficiency of the operation. This approach may have resulted in the elite obtaining 10 or 15% more Jews.

The problem with converting people was that since the elite forced Jews to live in ghettos to prevent them from becoming diluted, this limited contact with the goyim and, therefore, the possibilities for conversion. Moreover, it was difficult to convert Christians in Europe. And most Europeans had already been converted to Christianity. This only allowed conversions among people dependent on Jews.

On the other hand, in territories that were still relatively unchristianized, such as the borders of the Russian Empire, it was easier. Therefore, it is possible that there were slightly more conversions in these areas.

 

People tend to think it's impossible, because currently, Jewish religious authorities make conversions extremely difficult. As a result, Jewishness is essentially only transmitted through the mother. But that's now. In the beginning, it may have been completely different. The elite had to pull out all the stops to increase the number of Jews. So, they most likely made conversions extremely easy at the time.

Why make conversions so difficult now? Well, it's obviously to make people believe that it's an intolerant, racist, contemptuous religion, etc., and thus attract hatred from the goyim.

Now, the elite could have completely hidden the fact that there were conversions. The problem is that the fact that there are 3 different ethnic groups in the Jewish world leads to the conclusion that the Jews in question are not descendants of the original Jews. In fact, the only ones who could claim to be pure Jews are the Sephardim. But not the white Ashkenazim. And those of the Turkish or white-Turkish type, only moderately. As a result, the elite was forced to recognize that there had been conversions, and even many more conversions than there actually were, since it was necessary to explain the Ashkenazi Jews and the Turkish Jews.

So, one might have thought that regarding the Jews, making conversions difficult from now on had the advantage of making them believe that they are all descended from the original Jewish people, since Jewishness is then transmitted only through the mother, and therefore, that they form not only a religious community, but also a people, which is important for solidarity among Jews, and for the Israeli project.

Only, there is this problem of the three different ethnic groups. This is not something that can be hidden. So, making conversions difficult at the moment can't really help that. Of course, it depends on the level of awareness of the Jews concerned. But still, overall, it doesn't work very well.

On the other hand, this problem doesn't concern the ethnic groups themselves. So, restricting conversions and limiting the acquisition of Jewishness to transmission through the mother can unite Jews at the ethnic level. Jews will not think that they form a united people on a global level, but there is a sense of community at the level of different ethnic groups. In other words, a European-type Jew will at least consider himself to be descended from the Ashkenazi lineage and therefore that other Ashkenazim are like brothers to him.

By the way, when the elite created the Jews, through children, they obviously created false bloodlines. And it's possible that one of the goals of these false bloodlines was to unite Turkic Jews and Ashkenazim. An Ashkenazi Jew might think he has nothing to do with a Turkic Jew. But if they're both named Goldstein, they'll think they originally come from the same family. That said, it's true that with the movement of Turkic Jews to Europe, there was some mixing. So, some do indeed have family ties. But for others, it's purely fictitious.

We can also think that if the Jewish sense of community is primarily at the ethnic level, in addition to the religious level, this could serve the elite for the phase when the Jews are overwhelmed by the Europeans. The elite could make the Ashkenazim become enemies of the Turkic Jews and the Sephardim and side with the Europeans. This could happen after the arrival of the Jewish messiah, which I discussed in a previous article. The arrival of the Jewish messiah will lead to a reconfiguration of the Christian and Jewish religions, with a rapprochement between (European) Christians and post-messiah Jews. At that point, the elite could make the Ashkenazim side with the new version of the Jewish religion and thus side with the alliance with the Europeans, while the Turkic Jews and the Sephardim will oppose it. The latter will then be swept away, after having been the auxiliaries of the Ashkenazim for decades. And there will be only white people left in Israel. Of course, this is hypothetical, but it is a possibility to consider.

 

Mass Conversions

 

The last method: mass conversion. In areas where Christianity had not yet been established, it was possible to convert regions to the Jewish religion. If non-Christians were converted to Christianity, and non-Muslims to Islam, the same could be done with the Jewish religion. This posed no problem.

This could only have been in areas on the fringes of Europe, since the latter was already completely Christianized. Some speak of the Khazar kingdom in Russia, where the ruler supposedly adopted the Jewish religion. Perhaps this is a complete fabrication. Or perhaps it was done on a slightly smaller scale, or in a different way than previously reported. But it's possible.

So, regarding the method used, it remains hypothetical, but what is certain is that Jews were created there. Indeed, the physical type of many Jews, quite close to the Turkish type, clearly indicates that some or all of the 3 methods were used in this area.

If this method had been used, it would have immediately resulted in tens of thousands of Jews, perhaps even 100,000 or 200,000. Then, with a high birth rate, it would have allowed for a few million by the end of the 19th century, if the conversion took place at the beginning of that century or in the middle of the 18th century.

Moreover, according to the recentist version of history, it would have been around the middle or end of the 18th century, or at the beginning of the 19th century, that the groups present in the Caucasus were invaded by Europeans. Therefore, the dates match. The Jews of the Caucasus must have been created from the destruction of these groups, which were not Christian.

It is possible that there was a selection of groups and individuals with particularly prominent noses, so that they would be less identified with Turks (who often already have relatively large noses compared to Europeans). It's similar to the case with the Aborigines in Australia. The elite selected Black people with distinctive looks to lend credence to the idea that the Aborigines had migrated from Africa a very long time ago. Now, there was no need for everyone to be like that. The fact that some were was enough to distinguish them from the Turks.

By the way, for Jews who have big noses and find it difficult to cope with (a number of them have nose surgery), it's the elite they should complain to, not Yahweh.

 

Once a sufficient number of new Jews had been created in the Caucasus, it was easy to deport them to the more European part of Russia and also to Europe, through wars or possible persecution.

It was indeed important to mix a small proportion of Ashkenazim with the Turkish type from the Caucasus, so that the "Jewish type" would also be present in this population. Of course, it is possible that European individuals with prominent noses had already been selected from among the orphans destined to become Jews. But it was necessary to add a proportion of other elements of the Turkish type to make it a little more convincing (black hair, brown eyes, darker skin, etc.).

The expulsion of Turkish-type Jews to Central Europe, plus the integration of a proportion of the Turkish type into the purely Ashkenazi type, made it possible to convince the general public that they were indeed Semites, and therefore descendants of the original Jews, even if they had mixed to a greater or lesser extent.

And even for a good portion of educated people, who are critical of Judaism, it was going to be acceptable. Because the elite ensured that, on the side of "anti-Semitic" movements, caricatures of Jews were constantly used, especially with the extreme right of the 1930s. So, people interested in the Jewish problem in a critical way would immediately come across images of Jews from these movements and form their opinions based on that. For them, a large proportion had big noses, black hair, and Middle Eastern features. In their minds, they were more or less the original Jews, that is, Semites, even if they had mixed in Europe. So, the technique of having a lot of Turkish-type Jews, of mixing a little white Jews with Turks, and of having a certain proportion with prominent noses worked perfectly. Few people thought it was strange that there were so many Ashkenazim and Turkic Jews when they were originally supposed to be Semites, therefore, Arabs.

 

Miscellaneous Reflections

 

One might wonder why the elite insisted on having white Jews, when they could have easily done without them, and when it undermined the narrative of Jews preserved from intermingling for millennia? A narrative that was already well undermined by the presence of Turkic Jews. Well, it's because with a white component, they could justify the arrival of non-Jewish whites once Greater Israel was created. Whereas if there had been only Turks and North Africans, it would have been much more difficult to justify. Moreover, it allowed the Turkish and North African groups to act as auxiliaries to the white Jews during the colonization of Israel. They did the dirty work and the Ashkenazim had the easy times.

 

Regarding the chronology, we can therefore assume that European Jews were created first, then Caucasian Jews, and finally, the Sephardim.

 

Once the first generations were created by pure agents of influence, the elite probably passed the baton of training young children to the first trained rabbis. So, quickly, there were sects, small groups, small colonies run by rabbis who were not agents of the elite. And to justify the presence of all these children, the elite most likely made the rabbis in question believe that they were orphans following massacres or expulsions of Jews, various persecutions, etc.

 

Of course, at the same time that Jewish populations were being created from scratch, in order to give Jewish history an air of authenticity, it was simply a matter of creating archives, as well as various artifacts.

 

It is also because there are white Jews, and generally speaking, Jews of three different ethnic or racial origins, that the elite invented this story of the 12 tribes of Israel.

 

Creation of North African Jews

 

It would have been very strange if Jews had been absent from North Africa, given that, normally, after the so-called fall of Israel, they would have left both north and west, to the Maghreb. It would have been possible to do without, but it would have introduced a strange twist.

Moreover, it was interesting to create them there because, in this instance, it allowed for the presence of real Semitic Jews and not just Turks and whites. This clearly reinforced the official narrative.

 

As with those in the Caucasus, the creation of Maghreb Jews must have been somewhat easier than that of European Jews, since by then the latter had already been created. Therefore, there were already rabbis available to teach in sects, schools, and Jewish ghettos created by the elite. This made it possible to create Jews on a larger scale, since the number of available rabbis must have been greater than the number of elite agents willing to fulfill this mission (and with the skills to do so).

And the method was the same:

  • Use orphans, abandoned children, or children entrusted by their parents to institutions or individuals, and make them believe they were Jewish.
  • Convert various individuals, including prominent Freemasons (or other secret societies of the time).
  • Convert villages. In this case, it must have been difficult to convert entire regions, given the Islam project. But, at the level of simple villages, it was possible.

 

But it was probably difficult to create as many Jews there as in Europe or the Caucasus. Indeed, all this must have been accomplished at the end of the 18th century. So, it started later. Furthermore, it must have only accelerated when the French conquered this region. Finally, there were few people in the Maghreb at that time. All these factors must have slowed down the production of Jews in this region.

This is why the Jewish population of North Africa was quite small in the 20th century (around 450,000 in 1955, according to this article by Nicole Grimaud, "The Jews of North Africa, their situation - and their problems in 1968"). So, even if the elite was quite productive in the allotted time, it was not able to create as many as elsewhere.

But, it wasn't very significant. The main thing was to have enough of them to validate the official Jewish story. And having a few hundred thousand was perfectly adequate to achieve this goal. You didn't need millions.

Moreover, it's possible that the elite didn't want to have too many. There were already Caucasian Jews, of Turkish origin. And some European Jews were mixed with them. Having tons of Maghribi Jews on top of that would have led to a significant dilution of the Ashkenazim. And the elite must have wanted to maintain a significant proportion of Ashkenazim.

And where we see that the Jews fall under the project I'm talking about is that if the objectives of Jewish power were indeed a mixture of religion and race, the Sephardim should dominate the Jewish world; because they are ultimately the purest Jews, those closest to the original Jews, those whom Yahweh is supposed to have created. At least, according to what we're told. So, they should be at the top of the pyramid of Jewish power. But no, it's the Ashkenazim who dominate. Unfortunately for them, the Sephardim are nothing more than the latter's lackeys. Yes, they are at the bottom of the ladder because the real objective of the Jewish project is to enable the colonization of the Middle East by white people. So, there is no question of the Sephardim dominating the Ashkenazim.

 

One might think that regarding children, since there were already rabbis in Europe, there was no need to create isolated sects. It was enough to create a Jewish ghetto and bring the children in question there. Since cities were still very underdeveloped, it was easy to buy several hectares of land on the outskirts of the city and define it as the official Jewish ghetto. Then, all that was needed was to create a school for Jewish orphans.

It was also possible to bring Jewish couples from the Caucasus and convince them to adopt three or four children by making them believe that they were Jewish, but that their parents were too poor to care for them, or that they were orphans, or that they had been abandoned. All this while also making them believe that the parents had been victims of persecution, the better to convince them to adopt them.

 

In Spain and Portugal

 

The techniques used must have been the same in the Iberian Peninsula.

However, there may have been a slight variation with the Marranos. Indeed, one might say that the concept of Marranos was very useful for convincing 18th-century rabbis that many Jews had forgotten their Jewishness and therefore needed to be retrained.

It is therefore possible that, around the 18th century, the elite created false Marranos, declaring that this or that family, in reality perfectly Christian, was made up of hidden Jews. And this also applied to isolated individuals. Then, all that was needed was to persecute them a little, force them to leave, and ensure that the only truly safe place they could go was a Jewish ghetto. There, the Jewish authorities (agents of the elite) welcomed them as Jews and trained them in the Jewish religion. And obviously, they had no interest in refusing the help offered by the Jews, because outside, persecution by the Christian authorities awaited them.

Of course, this wasn't likely to happen with well-integrated families. But it was possible with people accused of various crimes and offenses and living in the slums of cities: thieves, prostitutes, beggars, families or people considered suspicious by neighbors, etc.

One might think that this didn't involve a huge number of people. But it must have allowed tens of thousands to be created.

And apparently, there were also so-called converts in Muslim countries. So, there too, this technique could have been used. And there, it must have been used mainly in the 19th century.

 

The Problem with the Khazar Hypothesis

 

We saw above that the racial and ethnic diversity of Jews could have posed a problem for people who were somewhat educated and critical of Judaism. Indeed, they might have thought it was strange that there were so many Ashkenazim and Turkic Jews when, at the outset, they were supposed to be Semites, and therefore, Arabs. But, as we have seen, this was not the case. Most "anti-Semites" never really asked themselves advanced questions on the subject.

This was also the case for me as long as I believed that Jewish leaders dominated the world and was unaware of recentism. Of course, like others, I was familiar with the theory of Khazar Jews. But that didn't really change the essence of the Jewish problem. It was therefore a secondary issue that I paid little attention to. For me, as for other Jewish critics, the important thing was that the Jews were extremely hostile to us, that they dominated the world and therefore represented a mortal threat. From there, what had to be focused on was the reality of the threat, its importance, the methods used by the enemy, what positions of power are in their hands, etc. From this perspective, it did not matter whether there were white Jews, Turks, and Semites. These were just details.

And for these people, the issue of ethnic diversity would have remained completely secondary until they had developed the ideas discussed here: namely, that Jews are not the masters of the world, that they were created, and that history is much more recent than we are told.

It is only once these ideas have been acquired that the issue of the racial and ethnic diversity of Jews becomes important. Because it is entirely consistent with a gradual creation of the Jews and a tinkering to give an appearance of reality to the history of Jewish migration to Europe.

 

And so, when we're essentially analyzing the Jewish threat, we don't really understand why certain sites, apparently run by agents of influence, focus on this story of Khazar Jews. According to this, a Khazar prince converted his people to the Jewish religion around the 7th or 9th century, which would explain the large number of Jews from the Caucasus. Or, another version, there was no conversion of the entire people by the prince, but there were many individual conversions in this region at that time. And this needs to be verified, but as I recall, some Jewish critics advocate the idea that the original Jews were a simple Khazar sect. In this last version, there were therefore no Jews in Palestine 2,000 years ago. Everything started in the Khazar region.

It's true that it's interesting. But compared to the problem of the Jewish threat, this remains a relatively secondary element. And the fact that it's being put forward by agents, and therefore by the elite, means there's something fishy going on.

But with the data we now have, we understand why the elite sought to push the Khazar Jewish theory. A theory that's probably partly true, as we saw at the beginning. But it's the element of lies that changes everything.

With this story, even if we believe the most radical theory, namely that the Jews originated solely in the Turkish region and were created around the 7th or 9th century, it doesn't matter. The fortuitous aspect as well as the sufficient antiquity of the creation of the Jews remains. And that's the most important thing. It allows to distance the most advanced dissidents from the idea of a recent voluntary creation on the part of the elite, this to fulfill a specific political objective.

Now, one could think that without recentism, there is no reason for anyone to think that the Jews were created recently and voluntarily. Therefore, there is also no reason for the elite to feel the need to protect themselves from this theory by creating the Khazar theory. However, it was the elite who pushed the recentist theory. And so they had planned to do so a very long time ago. And they also predicted that from that moment on, a certain number of people would say to themselves, as I say in this paper, that perhaps the Jews were simply invented, and not long ago. It was necessary to distance people from this idea before it even appeared. Hence the Khazar theory.

With the Khazar theory, even if things are a little less clean than before, they remain generally so in terms of what is important, namely the significant antiquity of the Jews, and the fact that the elite didn't create them.

 

We can assume that the elite also sought to answer Jews' questions about their history (and also those of non-Judeo-critical goyim who were interested in Jewish history). They may simultaneously approach the latter less and more freely. Less freely because it can lead to painful personal reassessments and because they may be afraid of being criticized by members of their own community. More freely because they are not afraid of being accused of anti-Semitism. Many will consider it legitimate to know their own history. Thus, there was a risk that some would question the problem of Jewish ethnic diversity.

They could then arrive at the idea that Jews are, for the most part, not originally from Israel. And from the moment that recentism was launched, this could lead to the questions I pose in this article. And the elite doesn't want these kinds of questions.

So, the elite also implemented the Khazar theory to block further investigations by the Jews themselves. If Jews begin to question their ethnic diversity, they quickly come across the Khazar hypothesis. And as a result, most don't go any further, even if they are receptive to the recentist hypothesis.

The advantage of the first two versions of this story about the Khazar Jews is that they validate the theory of Jews originating from Israel. Because the authors of the first say that the Khazar king only converted his people. He did not create the Jewish religion. Similarly, for the second version, these were only individual conversions. This means that there were already Jews there before. And where could they have come from if not Israel? So, this validates the hypothesis that the Jews did indeed live in Israel 2,000 years ago, that they were forced to leave, that some went north, and that there, Turkish-type populations converted to Judaism. Indirectly, this validates the official story concerning the multi-millennial origin of the Jews. And this is the main historical element that the elite wants to protect with regard to the Jews. And it's safe to assume that most Jews who have accepted the Khazar theory will not have studied or retained the third theory, the one that speaks of the creation of the Jews in Khazar territory.

One thing that probably prevents the third theory from being widely accepted is that speaking of the creation of the Jewish religion in the Caucasus instead of a conversion introduces a significant illogicality. If the Jews originated in the Caucasus, then their leaders would have no reason to want to go to Israel at all costs. From the outset, they would have spoken of an origin in the Caucasus and of a need to return to the Caucasus, not to Palestine.

Now, the problem is that this story partly calls Zionism into question. If most Jews are not from Israel, what right do Jews have to occupy this land? This is indeed a logical problem. But the anti-Zionism that could result from the Khazar hypothesis did not bother the elite much for six reasons:

  • Jews were going to immigrate to Israel long before these ideas could spread en masse via the internet.
  • In any case, the Jews were going to Israel under the influence of a gigantic event (World War II). So, it was impossible to prevent that with a few dissident books. And once there, it didn't matter if some people discovered that their story wasn't exactly the one originally told. It was too late. Once the Jews were in Israel, it no longer mattered. They weren't going to leave because of a simple theory.
  • Since it was the elite who were behind these ideas, they obviously made sure to provide counter-arguments. That way, most Jews wouldn't believe this story, or not enough of it.
  • Even with the internet, it was possible to ensure that it was known and accepted by only a very small number of people.
  • The elite has made sure to label these ideas as anti-Semitic (particularly by spreading them in "anti-Semitic" circles). This means that most Jews, at least somewhat educated, reject them out of hand.
  • Finally, this only partially calls Zionism into question. Even if today's Jews are mixed race and genetically are no longer truly the original Jews, there were still Jews in Israel 2,000 years ago. And today's Jews are their heirs, if not their pure genetic descendants. Therefore, it is enough for Jews to say that their fundamental identity is not race, but religion, to dismiss this argument.

All this means that all the authors who defended the theory of the Khazar Jews were agents. This is the case with Shlomo Sand, who is quite popular in anti-Zionist circles. If he were not an agent, he would not be a professor at Tel Aviv University. His 2008 book, "The Invention of the Jewish People", would never have been published. And if it had been, virtually no one would have talked about it.

Most books on the subject were published in the second half of the 20th century. But Wikipedia tells us that this theory was put forward quite early on. In fact, as early as 1883, Ernest Renan, an official French historian (and therefore an agent), said:

"The massive conversions during the Greek and Roman eras stripped Judaism of all ethnological significance and severed all physical (but not spiritual) ties with Palestine […] Most of the Jews of Gaul or Italy are the product of these conversions. As for the Jews of the Danube basin, or of southern Russia, they are probably descended from the Khazars. These regions contain numerous Jewish populations that probably have nothing to do, ethnologically speaking, with the original Jews."

This is normal. From the outset, the racial and ethnic diversity of the Jews was a matter of question. Therefore, one or more agents had to raise the Khazar theory as early as the 19th century.

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